My Mind, My Heart, My File

COORDINATED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1
Electrical power systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-1
Design procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-1
CHAPTER 2. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OVERCURRENTS
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1
Normal current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-1
Overload current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2-1
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTIONS IS UNLIMITED
Short-circuit current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2-1
Ground-fault current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2-1
Sources of short-circuit current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2-2
Time variation of short-circuit current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2-3
Symmetrical and asymmetrical short-circuit current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2-5
CHAPTER 3. OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1
Motor overload relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3-1
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3-1
Motor short-circuit protectors (MSCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3-3
Circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3-3
Protective relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3-9
Automatic reclosing devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3-10
CHAPTER 4. PROTECTIVE DEVICES COORDINATION
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1
The coordination study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-1
Primary and medium-voltage coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4-3
Low-voltage coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-5
Ground-fault coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4-5
Coordination requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4-6
Maintenance, testing, and calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 4-7
Example of phase coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 4-7
Example of ground-fault protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 4-23
CHAPTER 5. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROTECTION TECHNIQUES
Generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1
Transformer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-6
Conductor protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 5-15
Motor protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5-20
Bus and switchgear protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 5-29
Ground-fault protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 5-34
Miscellaneous equipment protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 5-44
Appendix A. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B. TYPICAL PROTECTIVE DEVICE SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C. TYPICAL TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC CURVES . . . . . . . . C-1
Appendix D. TYPICAL DEVICE AND EQUIPMENT RATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Appendix E. PARTIAL RELAY DEVICE NUMBERS LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-I
Appendix F. REPRESENTATIVE PROTECTIVE DEVICE OPERATING TIMES . . F-1
Appendix G. COORDINATION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
Appendix H. COMPUTER SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography-1
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary-1

See detail : Coordinated Power Systems Protection

GENERAL
Purpose
Scope
References
Standards and Codes
Power Supply Design Criteria
Electrical Power Sytems
Design Procedures
Evaluation and Selection of Energy Systems
Design Analysis
Service Conditions
Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms

See detail :  Electrical Power Supply & Distribution

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detect atypical conditions and compensate for them through the proper selection and application of the transducer

See detail :  Guide To Pressure Transducer Selection

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The Role of Reflection in Managerial Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice
By Kent W. Seibert, Marilyn W. Daudelin

Book Description:

Challenging work experiences are the richest source of learning for today’s managers. Yet lessons embedded in these experiences are not always obvious. This comprehensive book describes a critical yet under-researched element of how managers learn from these experiences: reflection. Today’s workplace demands continual learning, which in turn requires reflection. While this book supports the prevailing view that reflection is central to experiential learning, it challenges the traditional views that it is the same as contemplation, that it is incompatible with management, and that it is time-consuming and unnatural for managers. Original quantitative and qualitative research reported in this book indicates that two different yet complementary modes of managerial reflection exist: active and proactive. Active reflection is something that managers naturally engage in during challenging job experiences, whereas managers must be prompted to engage in proactive reflection. Both modes involve processes of intentional inquiry. Different forces are necessary to stimulate each type of reflection. Based on these findings, the claim is made that the potential to learn from experience is greatest when managers intentionally engage in both modes. Accordingly, a holistic model that integrates active and proactive reflection is presented. This model has important implications for theorists and researchers of managerial learning by identifying previously unreported aspects of reflection. It is also relevant to practitioners and companies who desire to enhance what their managers learn from their workplace experience.

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Lyon (FRA) v Manchester United (ENG)
Schalke 04 (GER) v FC Porto (POR)
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Arsenal (ENG) v AC Milan (ITA)
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Tanggal 19 - 20 Februari dan 4 - 5 Maret 2008.

DESCRIPTION OF TEXT:
This text is a manuscript on power system analysis for a graduate level course in electrical engineering. Part 1 of the text reviews network theory at an elementary level, assuming only an engineering background, and builds the tools needed to understand the subsequent sections. Part 2 covers Short-Circuit Calculations, Part 3 covers Protective Relays, and Part 4 covers Power System Studies. In this second edition, the use of computer-aided analysis of electrical and electromechanical transients is included throughout.

1.1. Review of DC and AC Circuits
Circuit theory forms the basis for most of the course on the fundamental aspects of electrical systems. This discussion is not intended to be a complete textbook on the subject of electrical circuits, but is a review of the main aspects as they affect the analysis and design of electric power systems. It is assumed that the reader has an understanding of basic electricity and
magnetism, including the definition of current and voltage.
Current is a flow of charge in a circuit, and is analogous to the flow of an incompressible fluid in a pipe (except that the equations that govern fluid flow are more complicated than those that govern electric current). The positive reference direction for current is shown with an arrow pointing in the direction of net transfer of positive charge. If the current is alternating (AC), the arrow represents the direction of current flow that will be called positive. That is, at some instant of time, the current waveform is considered positive. At that time, the positive charges will actually be flowing in the direction of the arrow. At some later time, the current will reverse, but we leave the arrow in its original direction and say that the instantaneous current is now negative.
Voltage is identical to a potential difference, regardless of whether the potential difference is caused by a source (or emf) or by a drop in potential due to current flow through a load. In either case, the voltage polarity is shown by + and - marks, with the + side at the higher instantaneous potential.

See detail :  Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems