| CT Saturation Calculations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Powell Electrical Group | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abstract - Previously, ANSI/IEEE relay current transformer (CT) sizing criteria was based on traditional symmetrical calculations usually discussed by technical articles and manufacturers’ guidelines. Issue Date: Nov 17, 2005
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Electrical and Optical Wire and Cable Technical Handbook
| This handbook is designed to be a useful collection of engineering and technical information on electrical and optical wire and cable and related products.
It is primarily intended for those individuals who design, specify or troubleshoot wire and cable systems. |
These computer programs, technical bulletins and papers are for your use without cost or obligation. Use your browser’s Print command to make a copy or download the file where appropriate.
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Computer Program | - | Electrical Arc Energy Calculations |
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Technical Bulletin 001a | - | Approach Boundaries |
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Technical Bulletin 002 | - | Molded Case Circuit Breaker Interrupting Ratings |
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Technical Bulletin 003a | - | Electrical Safety Information |
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Technical Bulletin 004a | - | Ferroresonance |
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Technical Bulletin 005 | - | Conditioned Based Maintenance - How to Get Started |
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Technical Bulletin 006 | - | Symmetrical Components |
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Technical Bulletin 007 | - | The Per Unit System Overview |
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Technical Bulletin 008 | - | Condition Based Maintenance |
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Technical Bulletin 009b | - | Engineering… Why? |
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Technical Bulletin 010 | - | Electrical Safety in the Marine Environment |
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Technical Bulletin 011 | - | Panelboard Protection Requirements |
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Technical Bulletin 012a | - | Principles of Insulation Testing |
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Technical Bulletin 013 | - | Flash Protection Marking |
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Technical Bulletin 014 | - | Reliability Centered Maintenance White Paper |
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Technical Bulletin 015 | - | The Eight Step Preventive Maintenance Program |
12/7/07 Victor Sokolov: The latest cigre news and perspective on transformers. Current cigre activity including discussion at the paris session august 2006.
21/3/07 Victor Sokolov
Impact of Oil Properties and Characteristics on Transformer Reliability (364 KB PDF file)
Pesented at the 2006 LORD Consulting/AVO New Zealand International Technical Conference, Methven, New Zealand Oct 2006
9/12/05: MV Cable Diagnostics
23/05/04: Using Online Condition Monitoring In Substations
19/11/03: 500kV Bushings Failures and Bushing Oil Sampling Program
Michel Duval: Dissolved Gas Analysis and the Duval Triangle
Victor Sokolov: Transformer condition- based ranking
Victor Sokolov: Impact of Oil Properties and Characteristics on Transformer Reliabilit
Victor Sokolov, Boris Vanin - Evaluation And Identification Of Typical Defects And Failure-modes Of 110-750 Kv Bushings
Victor Sokolov - Transformer Condition- Based Ranking On The Basis Of Design Review And Comprehensive Oil Analysis
William H. Bartley - Analysis of Transformer Failures
Pat Bodger and Wade Enright - A Glance into the Future of Transformers … and Beyond
29/01/04: Dissolved Gas Analysis
29/01/04: On-line PD Testing for Cables & NV Plant
29/01/04: Transformer Bushing & HV CT Monitoring
08/12/03: Experiences with continuous partial discharge monitoring
17/10/03: Operations Intelligence Provided By Circuit Breaker Condition Monitors
17/10/03: In Situ Watt-Hour Meter Test Set Article
29/11/07: Cable Management…a series of mini papers
7/09/07: On-line Monitoring of Power Transformers
9/12/05: On-Line Monitoring Technology Applied to HV Bushings
29/01/04: On-line vs Off-line Partial Dischange Testing
29/01/04: Ground Penetrating Radar
02/12/03: On-Line Monitoring as a Strategic Tool to Enhance Supply System Reliability
Note: The Leadership Development Outline contains the leadership guide listed above, plus it has several learning activities
Application & Tech Notes
Technical Papers
(IEEE PES General Meeting 2006)
Interfacing Optical CTs and VTs to Relays and Meters (470 KB)
(IEEE T&D 2006)
Optical Current & Voltage Sensors in EHV Series Capacitor Banks Application (296 KB)
SF6-Free 550 kV Combined Optical Voltage & Current Transducer System (901 KB)
(IEEE T&D 2003)
Analysis of a 550 kV Current & Voltage installation.
Fiber-Optic Current Transducer Optimized For Power Metering Applications (409 KB)
(IEEE T&D 2003)
We demonstrate exceptional power measurement linearity over a wide dynamic range with an optical current transducer & power meter.
138 kV & 345 kV Wide-Band SF6 - Free Optical Voltage Transformers (618 KB)
(Winter PES 2002)
This paper describes the design & testing of novel, environmentally friendly, 138KV & 345kV optical voltage transducers (OVTs) for metering & protection relaying applications in high-voltage electric power transmission systems.
(PES 2002)
Once deemed specialized devices intended for novel applications, optical sensors have risen to a performance level exceeding conventional magnetic devices.
(IEEE T&D 2001)
The devices met the accuracy requirements of IEC 0.2% class & IEEE 0.3% class & passed ampoules tests, chopped impulse tests, partial discharge tests, chopped impulse tests, partial discharge tests, wet & dry power-frequency withstand tests & mechanical withstand tests.
Fiber Optic Current Sensor Calibration (206 KB)
(IEEE T&D 2001)
Fiber optic current sensors have been touted for their potential ability to measure currents with accuracy better than 0.1% over dynamic range extending from literally milliamps to hundreds of kiloamps.
Reliability Considerations: Optical Sensors for the Control & Measurement of Power (235 KB)
(IEEE T&D 2001)
As the power industry adopts new technologies to control & protect its assets, complex electronic & optical systems are becoming prevalent with the consequence that reliability analysis tools are becoming increasingly relevant & useful.
Resistively Shielded Optical Voltage Transducer (911 KB)
(IEEE T&D 2001)
A high-voltage (HV) optical voltage transducer (OVT) using resistively shielded electric field sensors is presented for use in HV transmission systems.
Interfacing Optical Current Sensors in a Substation
(PES Summer 2001)
In order for users of optical transducers to realize the complete benefits available from this new technology, an understanding of the differences between conventional transformers & optical sensors is critical; this paper outlines these differences. (228 KB)
Wide-Band 138 kV Distributed-Sensor Optical Voltage Transducer: Study of Accuracy under Pollution & other Field Disturbances (2804 KB)
(PES Summer 2001)
Accuracy tests include various severe field disturbances such as the presence of conductive pollution-like layers on the insulator & the presence of other HV sources nearby. Test results show that the VT meets IEC 0.2% & IEEE 0.3% accuracy classes under these extreme field disturbances.
A Wide-Band High-Accuracy SF6-Free Optical Voltage Transformer (20 KB)
(EPRI 2001)
Optical voltage & current transducer technologies are emerging in the power sector as advantageous alternatives to the conventional instrument transformer technology for accurately & safely measuring electricity.
