Fundamental of Engineering - Supplied-Reference Handbook

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNITS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
CONVERSION FACTORS ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
MATHEMATICS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
STATICS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
DYNAMICS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
FLUID MECHANICS……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
THERMODYNAMICS …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
HEAT TRANSFER ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 58
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA…………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
CHEMISTRY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER ……………………………………………………………… 68
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
COMPUTERS, MEASUREMENT, AND CONTROLS……………………………………………………………… 76
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS…………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
ETHICS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING…………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
CIVIL ENGINEERING ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ……………………………………………………………………………….. 117
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING……………………………………………………………….. 134
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING……………………………………………………………………………………….. 143
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING …………………………………………………………………………………….. 155
INDEX…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166

Most applications for pressure transducers are relatively straightforward. Install the transducer according to manufacturer’s
recommendations, and obtain an accurate reading from an exceptionally reliable device. But life does not always
follow the straight and narrow path. The purpose of this article is to provide some guidelines for helping a transducer user
detect atypical conditions and compensate for them through the proper selection and application of the transducer

See detail :  Guide To Pressure Transducer Selection

DESCRIPTION OF TEXT:
This text is a manuscript on power system analysis for a graduate level course in electrical engineering. Part 1 of the text reviews network theory at an elementary level, assuming only an engineering background, and builds the tools needed to understand the subsequent sections. Part 2 covers Short-Circuit Calculations, Part 3 covers Protective Relays, and Part 4 covers Power System Studies. In this second edition, the use of computer-aided analysis of electrical and electromechanical transients is included throughout.

1.1. Review of DC and AC Circuits
Circuit theory forms the basis for most of the course on the fundamental aspects of electrical systems. This discussion is not intended to be a complete textbook on the subject of electrical circuits, but is a review of the main aspects as they affect the analysis and design of electric power systems. It is assumed that the reader has an understanding of basic electricity and
magnetism, including the definition of current and voltage.
Current is a flow of charge in a circuit, and is analogous to the flow of an incompressible fluid in a pipe (except that the equations that govern fluid flow are more complicated than those that govern electric current). The positive reference direction for current is shown with an arrow pointing in the direction of net transfer of positive charge. If the current is alternating (AC), the arrow represents the direction of current flow that will be called positive. That is, at some instant of time, the current waveform is considered positive. At that time, the positive charges will actually be flowing in the direction of the arrow. At some later time, the current will reverse, but we leave the arrow in its original direction and say that the instantaneous current is now negative.
Voltage is identical to a potential difference, regardless of whether the potential difference is caused by a source (or emf) or by a drop in potential due to current flow through a load. In either case, the voltage polarity is shown by + and - marks, with the + side at the higher instantaneous potential.

See detail :  Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Electrical Science, Volume 1 of 4 (166 pages)
PDF (4255 KB)    Reaffirmation Memorandum

DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Electrical Science, Volume 2 of 4 (118 pages)
PDF (3317 KB)    Reaffirmation Memorandum

DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Electrical Science, Volume 3 of 4 (126 pages)
PDF (2234 KB)    Reaffirmation Memorandum

DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Electrical Science, Volume 4 of 4 (142 pages)
PDF (4800 KB)    Reaffirmation Memorandum

Papers

A Comparison of Calculated Battery Capacity Testing Methods

Reliable Battery Systems

Battery Monitoring

 Battery Maintenance Procedures

THE ARC LIGHTVol. 1, No.2

Apr. 1995

A publication provided by Powerengineer, to share information regarding methods and procedures available for maintenance and testing of electrical generation, storage and distribution systems.

In our previous newsletter we discussed the importance of maintenance and testing for your UPS, telecommunications or switchgear battery in general terms. We shall now address the specifics for inspection and maintenance.

 GENERAL

All inspections should be performed under normal float conditions where possible. Measurements should be performed as per the manufacturer’s written instructions. Regular inspections should include visual checks for signs of cracks in the cell/unit or electrolyte leakage, unusual jar or cover distortion, signs of corrosion at terminal connections or racks/cabinets, and ambient temperature/ventilation. The inspection should also include a review of the general appearance/cleanliness of the battery installation and accessibility to emergency wash and spill containment materials.

Electrical measurements should be recorded on a Monthly, Quarterly and Annual basis. Monthly readings should include Overall float voltage (measured at the battery terminals), pilot cell readings and charger output voltage and current. Quarterly readings should include the monthly readings, float voltage of each cell and electrolyte temperature of every sixth cell. For a valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, record the negative post temperature. Annual measurements should include the Quarterly readings , Intercell and internal cell resistance of each cell/unit.

FLOODED CELL

The visual inspection of a Flooded battery installation should include a record of the electrolyte level of each cell. In the case of three tier racks or Lead Antimony cells, this should be monitored regularly. Adding water to the electrolyte0 is an important maintenance requirement in stationary battery systems. The electrolyte solution should not go above the High level mark and care should be taken not to allow the level to drop below the Low level mark. The electrolyte level should never be allowed to drop to a point that can expose the plate material to air. Only approved water should be added to the electrolyte. In addition to the procedure recommended for all batteries, specific gravities should be recorded for each cell in the battery on an annual basis

VALVE REGULATED OR SEALED BATTERY

Flooded cells out perform VRLA cells due to the relatively low internal resistance. Internal resistance is the leading factor in the load performance of VRLA cells. A recently adopted ANSI/IEEE standard, IEEE 1188, addresses the importance of regular Impedance testing. Internal cell measurements should be recorded as part of the Quarterly Inspection. AC ripple current and voltage should be recorded on acceptance and as part of the Annual measurements.

LOAD TESTING

The only sure way to determine the condition of a battery is through load testing (ex. capacity testing). This is the only method to simulate the actual operating conditions of the battery . In addition to Acceptance testing, Performance or Capacity testing should be performed on an annual basis until the battery shows signs of degradation.

BENCH MARK DATA

It is vital that benchmark data be established for the battery at the time of commissioning. This data can be used for comparison with information collected during each subsequent procedure in the outlined maintenance schedules.

For More Information Contact:

SYS-TEK, P.A.

Source : http://www.powerengineer.com/batt-b.htm

 Battery Maintenance and Testing

THE ARC LIGHTVol. 1, No.1

JAN. 1995

A publication provided by Powerengineer, to share information regarding methods and procedures available for maintenance and testing of electrical generation, storage and distribution systems.

BATTERY MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

A lead acid battery is the heart of your UPS or telecommunications system. It is the power source for your standby generators and may provide backup power for your switchgear. The battery will provide continued operation of your computer, voice and data communications systems, or operate critical electrical distribution equipment when needed IF IT WORKS ! The key to ensuring the reliable operation of your battery plant is a comprehensive predictive maintenance and testing program. The following are guidelines that can help establish or reinforce your maintenance program.

INSPECTION

Periodic inspection should be performed of the battery installation. On-site personnel should include Daily walk-thrus of the battery, generator and switchgear rooms as well as more thorough Weekly and Monthly inspections. Off-site locations should also be inspected on a regular basis. Inspections should also be performed of ’sealed battery’ installations. The term ‘maintenance free’ has long been forgotten as an unrealistic and misleading description of a sealed battery. The fact that the battery may be in an enclosure should not prevent you from performing periodic inspections. Establish a pilot cell program. The pilot cells provide a quick overview on the electrical and physical conditions of the battery and should be reviewed during Monthly inspections.

PERIODIC READINGS

In addition to the inspection, electrical measurements should be recorded periodically of the battery installation. Readings should be performed on a Quarterly and Annual basis. The Quarterly readings should include individual cell and bank voltages, electrolyte and ambient temperatures. The Annual readings should also include the Intercell resistance’s of all connections. A relatively new procedure that may be included is the recording of Internal cell resistance or impedance. Through experience, Power Engineerings’ field personnel have been able to identify suspect cells using internal cell measurements that voltage and specific gravity readings alone could not. In the case of a sealed or valve regulated battery, this information can be critical in the identification of weak units. Annual readings on your flooded cells and Quarterly readings on sealed batteries will provide useful information on the condition of your battery plant.

LOAD TESTING

The true measure of the condition of your battery is how it performs under load. Industry standards recommend the replacement of a battery when it reaches 80% of its rated capacity. Load testing is the only accepted way to determine where the battery is on the capacity vs. time curve for the particular cell or unit. Our experience has shown that the best method of performing a battery load test is to monitor each individual cell or unit during the discharge. Weak or bad cells can be easily identified and scheduled for replacement. In addition, load testing the battery can verify the integrity of the DC conduction path. Thermographic scanning should be performed during the discharge. In the case of a UPS battery, consideration should be given to incorporating the load test into a functional test procedure of the system.

RECORD KEEPING

All data should be maintained for review and to track the performance of the battery over time. Establishing benchmark data will greatly enhance your success in the maintenance of a reliable system. Consideration should be given to installing diagnostic equipment to record discharges and help evaluate the battery under load. This may be a simple “hit” monitor that records overall voltage, current and the duration of the discharge or a system that can track the performance of each cell.

For More Information Contact:

SYS-TEK, P.A.

Source : http://www.powerengineer.com/batt-a.htm